Tinnitus is the phantom perception of sound. The pathophysiology of tinnitus is poorly understood in medicine. It is a highly prevalent disorder and treatment is still elusive. Tinnitus is a common otologic symptom presented by patients in the outpatient department of otolaryngology. In some people, tinnitus is a fairly minor irritation but for many, it intrudes to such a degree that it affects their ability to lead a normal life. Individuals who suffer from disabling tinnitus often need medical treatment from an otologist, neurologist, or psychiatrist with the hope of finding a medication that can completely switch off their tinnitus and bring back silence. The available treatment for tinnitus patients is diverse. These include counseling, cognitive behavioral therapies, tinnitus retraining therapy, and input to the auditory system such as hearing aids and cochlear implants. The pharmacological treatment for tinnitus patients is often less discussed in the literature. The search for effective tinnitus treatment faces considerable challenges. Tinnitus is only a symptom that might be the result of different underlying pathologies. Thus, heterogeneity within tinnitus patients is expected and the drug discovery endeavor faces a “one drug will not fit all” scenario. Tinnitus today is still clinically challenging and most patients want a drug that could reduce or even abolish their phantom sound. The objective of this review article is to discuss the current pharmacological treatment of tinnitus.

Rhinitis is a global problem and is described as the presence of at least one of the symptoms, such as sneezing, rhinorrhea, nasal itching, and nasal obstruction. Gestational rhinitis is a common clinical condition found during pregnancy. Medical management options for pregnant women with rhinitis need careful consideration. It is often challenging to differentiate the causes of rhinitis as it often influences the treatment. Conservative treatment is an important option for patients with pregnancy-induced rhinitis and preexisting allergic or nonallergic rhinitis. Awareness about pregnancy-induced rhinitis and its resolve after pregnancy can provide some relief. Few options, such as exercises, nasal douching or lavage, positioning, and nasal valve dilators, are safe in pregnancy with rhinitis due to any etiology. Intranasal corticosteroids have often safe with budesonide. Oral corticosteroids can be used in pregnant women with moderate-to-severe disease and should be avoided in the first trimester. Second-generation antihistamines, such as loratadine and cetirizine, are the most well-studied drugs, and are often considered safe. The role of immunotherapy requires further research to establish its effectiveness. Hence, the treatment of rhinitis during pregnancy is considered a complex task. This review article aims to discuss the current medical treatment options for rhinitis during pregnancy.

Objectives: Wild edible plants (WEPs) are those plants that are not domesticated and often neglected but have nutritional and medicinal value and can be used as a good source of diet. The study discusses and depicts the availability of WEPs, their taxonomical categories, species richness, distribution, preference, and their threat in the Gaumukhi area. Methodology: Data were collected from 60 randomly selected WEP consumers of Puja and Khung village using a semi-structured interview schedule. The study showed that 37 different species of wild plants are frequently used by respondents. It was found that the majority of the WEPs used were trees followed by herbs and shrubs. Results: Regarding the plant parts used, most of the respondents (54%) use WEPs in the form of vegetables followed by raw fruits (28%) users. The study revealed that the majority of WEP's consumers (39%) were from other caste categories such as Giri, Puri, and Malla followed by Dalits (36%). Research indicated that most of the WEPs were collected from the forest area having an altitude of (1300–1500) masl. The major threat to WEPs was fuel wood collection followed by uncontrolled fire. Conclusions: Study preference of WEPs among the respondents showed that Polystichum squarrosum (Daude) was the highly preferred one followed by Diplazium esculentum (Neuro) and Dendrocalamus hamiltoni (Tama).

Objective: The emergence of new infectious diseases and the increased in bacterial resistance to diseases have led to the search for potential sources of antimicrobials. Bivalves have been found to possess bioactive compounds that have tremendous potential in medical science. Corbicula fluminea and Geloina expansa are bivalves that can survive in extreme environmental conditions and are surrounded by various microbes; these may have facilitated the potential production of different bioactive compounds with unique features to protect against pathogenic microorganisms. Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial activity of various concentrations of the ethanolic crude extracts (ECEs) of C. fluminea and G. expansa were tested against bacteria and fungi using the standard disk diffusion technique. There were three bacteria used in the antibacterial assay, namely Escherichia coli (Gram-negative), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Gram-negative bacteria), Staphylococcus aureus (Gram-positive), and for antifungal assay, the fungi, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger were used. Results: The ECEs of C. fluminea showed 12.67-h activity on E. coli with an inhibition zone (IZ) range of 10–12.8 mm and for G. expansa showed an IZ range of 9.6–14.4 mm. A similar IZ range for C. fluminea (10.6–12.4 mm) and G. expansa (9.8–13.6 mm) was observed in P. aeruginosa with an efficacy time of 14 h and 17.3, respectively. S. aureus test cultures also showed activity of C. fluminea ECEs with an IZ range of 0.00–17 mm and efficacy time of 15 h, while G. expansa showed a mean of 15.6 mm. The two fungal strains tested showed activity of C. fluminea, and G. expansa ECEs, an IZ range of 8.3–12.2 mm was observed in A. niger while C. albicans showed activity with an IZ range of 9.6–12.8 mm. The ECE's concentrations of 50 and 100 mg/ml of C. fluminea and G. expansa showed a significantly higher result than positive control against P. aerigunosa. Conclusions: The study showed that C. fluminea and G. expansa are potential sources of antimicrobial compounds. Identification, extraction, and purification of such compounds are recommended for future studies.

Background and Objective: Dietary supplements are a common strategy used by athletes and adults to improve physical function and recovery, and muscle mass. Beta-alanine (βA) is an inessential amino acid that can improve the performance of athletes. βA is one of the dietary supplements involved in delaying or reducing fatigue and is of interest to athletes, coaches, and sports scientists. This study aimed to investigate the effect of 4-week βA supplementation on soccer athletes' onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) in leg and chest press training volume and running time of 800 m. Materials and Methods: A total of 20 football athletes were randomly divided into two βA supplement and placebo groups. The supplement group (6.4 g of βA per day) and placebo group (6.4 g of starch per day) were eaten for 4 weeks after the briefing session and pretest on blood lactate concentration indices, leg and chest press volume training, and running time of 800 m. Functional evaluations and posttest blood samples were collected from the individuals on day 28. Results: The findings show that OBLA considerably rose right away following activity in both the supplement and placebo groups. It fell in both groups 15 min after activity, with the supplement group showing a significant difference (P ≥ 0.05). In either research group, as well as between pretest and posttest times, there was no statistically significant difference in the training volume of the chest press and leg press activity (P ≥ 0.05). There was a significant temporal interaction of 800 m between the supplement and placebo groups. Conclusion: Short-term βA supplementation reduced OBLA during the postexercise recovery period, while no effect on footballers' performance was observed in these tests.